Diphtheria Vaccinations

Diphtheria is a serious respiratory infection that can result in damage to the heart, and multi-organ failure. The bacterium that causes diphtheria is Corynebacterium diphtheriae. If the bacterium becomes infected with a bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria), it starts to produce toxins that inhibit the patient’s cells from making new proteins.

Diphtheria is generally believed to occur only in humans and before vaccination became widespread it was one of the most feared of all childhood illnesses. Between 5 and 10% of people who catch diphtheria will die from it.

Diphtheria is spread through respiratory droplets that come out when a patient coughs or sneezes, prolonged contact with someone who is suffering from diphtheria or from contact with their bedding or clothes.

Diphtheria may also affect the skin by invading injuries. This causes skin lesions.

The film Balto tells the story of a January 1925 diphtheria epidemic that was averted when multiple dog sled teams carried serum in relay across Alaska in temperatures as low as -31°C.

Symptoms of diphtheria

Following infection with diphtheria bacteria, a greyish-white membrane forms at the back of the throat. This diphtheria symptom causes a sore throat, a swollen bull-like neck, a barking cough and swallowing and breathing difficulties. It can block the airway, resulting in death. The patient will also have a high temperature (38°C or higher).

The release of bacterial toxins may result in heart damage and organ failure occurring after a period of apparent recovery.

If you suspect you may have diphtheria, get medical help immediately as you may need antibiotics and antitoxins. You may find yourself put into isolation, too.

Countries where you can catch diphtheria

There is a risk of contracting diphtheria in Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South East Asia and in South America. It spreads quickly where people live in overcrowded conditions. Cases of diphtheria occur in areas where the infrastructure has broken down, such as regions in conflict and disaster zones. The recommendations for diphtheria vaccination may change quickly in response to outbreaks. You can check for diphtheria outbreak news at Travel Health Pro or ask your Global Travel Clinics advisor for guidance.

Avoid catching diphtheria

Apart from vaccination, you can protect yourself from diphtheria by avoiding contact with people known to be infected with this disease. Good sneezing and coughing etiquette and diligent hand hygiene can reduce the risk of diphtheria infection.

If you are visiting an area with a diphtheria outbreak you may wish to avoid crowded places such as markets and public transport.

You are more likely to catch a respiratory infection such as diphtheria during the colder months of the year, so plan your holiday for the local summer.